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Democracy-Dictatorship (DD), index of democracy and dictatorship〔 or simply the DD index〔 or the DD datasets refers to the binary measure of democracy and dictatorship first proposed by Adam Przeworski ''et al.'' (2010), and further developed and maintained by Cheibub, Gandhi, and Vreeland (2009).〔 Based on the regime binary classification idea proposed by Alvarez in 1996, and the Democracy and Development (or DD measure, ACLP datatset) proposed by Przeworski ''et al.'' (2010), Cheibub, Gandhi, and Vreeland developed a six-fold regime classification scheme, resulting what the authors called as the DD datasets. The DD dataset covers the annual data points of 199 countries from 1946 (or date of independence) to 2008. The figures at the left show the results in 1998 and 2008. ==Six-fold regime classification scheme and its rules== The DD index first classifies the regimes into two types: democracies and dictatorships. For democracies, it categorizes them into three types: parliamentary, semi-presidential and presidential democracies. For dictatorships, monarchic, military and civilian dictatorship. Based on a “minimalist” theory of democracy, the index rely on rules regarding the existence of competitive elections.〔 Resorting to democratic concepts by Karl Popper and Joseph Schumpeter, Przeworkski defended the minimalist approach, citing Popper that "the only system in which citizens can get rid of governments without bloodshed" . 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「DD index」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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